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A field study of braking reactions during driving II: Minimum driver braking times
Schweitzer, N., Apter, Y., Ben-David, J., Liebermann, D. G., & Parush, A. (1995). A field study of braking reactions during driving II: Minimum driver braking times. Ergonomics, 38(9), 1903–1910.
The minimum total braking time (i.e. the braking reaction time plus the accelerator-to-brake movement time) plays an important role in defining a minimum following gap (MFG). This study was designed to obtain a lower limit for this gap. Total braking times (TBT) of a group of 51 male and female young athletes were monitored during real driving conditions. Sudden braking applied by a leading private passenger vehicle initiated the trials. A within-subject design was used to study the effects of different factors on braking time. Individuals performed a series of semi-counterbalanced trials at two following distances (6 and 12 m), two speeds (60 and 80 km/h) and three expectancy stages (naïve driving, partial knowledge, and full knowledge of the forthcoming manoeuvre). A three-way repeated measures ANOVA showed no major effects of speed, but major effects of the expectancy and the distance factors. The experiment yielded a mean TBT of 0·678 s (SD = 0·144 s) for trials averaged over distances and speeds in the naïve condition only. The data emphasize the role played by pre-cues in the braking response prior to emergency stops. Both the level of awareness of the forthcoming manoeuvre and the distance between vehicles appear to determine the response time. The descriptive statistics presented may also provide the basis for an objective, acceptable and legally valid minimum time gap for prosecution of careless drivers.
A field study of braking reactions during driving II: Minimum driver braking timesSchweitzer, N.Apter, Y.Ben-David, J.Liebermann, D.G.Parush, A.openurl:?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Frefbase.nfshost.com%2F&genre=article&atitle=A%20field%20study%20of%20braking%20reactions%20during%20driving%20II%3A%20Minimum%20driver%20braking%20times&title=Ergonomics&date=1995&volume=38&issue=9&spage=1903&epage=1910&aulast=Schweitzer&aufirst=N.&au=Apter%2C%20Y.&au=Ben-David%2C%20J.&au=Liebermann%2C%20D.G.&au=Parush%2C%20A.&sid=refbase%3AJFcitekey:Schweitzer_etal1995Schweitzer, N., Apter, Y., Ben-David, J., Liebermann, D. G., & Parush, A. (1995). A field study of braking reactions during driving II: Minimum driver braking times. Ergonomics, 38(9), 1903-1910.1995JournalArticletextErgonomics199538919031910