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1.1 1 xml info:srw/schema/1/mods-v3.2 Biess A author Liebermann D G author Flash T author 2007 English Few computational models have addressed the spatiotemporal features of unconstrained three-dimensional (3D) arm motion. Empirical observations made on hand paths, speed profiles, and arm postures during point-to-point movements led to the assumption that hand path and arm posture are independent of movement speed, suggesting that the geometric and temporal properties of movements are decoupled. In this study, we present a computational model of 3D movements for an arm with four degrees of freedom based on the assumption that optimization principles are separately applied at the geometric and temporal levels of control. Geometric properties (path and posture) are defined in terms of geodesic paths with respect to the kinetic energy metric in the Riemannian configuration space. Accordingly, a geodesic path can be generated with less muscular effort than on any other, nongeodesic path, because the sum of all configuration-speed-dependent torques vanishes. The temporal properties of the movement (speed) are determined in task space by minimizing the squared jerk along the selected end-effector path. The integration of both planning levels into a single spatiotemporal representation simplifies the control of arm dynamics along geodesic paths and results in movements with near minimal torque change and minimal peak value of kinetic energy. Thus, the application of Riemannian geometry allows for a reconciliation of computational models previously proposed for the description of arm movements. We suggest that geodesics are an emergent property of the motor system through the exploration of dynamical space. Our data validated the predictions for joint trajectories, hand paths, final postures, speed profiles, and driving torques. Analysis of Variance Arm/physiology Biomechanics *Computer Simulation Humans *Models Biological Movement/*physiology *Nonlinear Dynamics Posture/physiology Psychomotor Performance/*physiology Range of Motion Articular/physiology Reaction Time/physiology Space Perception/*physiology Time Factors Torque PMID:18045899 exported from refbase (https://refbase.nfshost.com/show.php?record=35), last updated on Mon, 31 Dec 2012 14:28:04 +0000 text http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045899 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045899 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4334-06.2007 18045899 Biess_etal2007 2007 continuing periodical academic journal 27 48 13045 13064 0270-6474 1