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	Author	Krasovsky, T.; Weiss, P.L.; Zuckerman, O.; Bar, A.; Keren-Capelovitch, T.; Friedman, J.
	Title	DataSpoon: Validation of an Instrumented Spoon for Assessment of Self-Feeding			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)	Abbreviated Journal	Sensors (Basel)
	Volume	20	Issue	7	Pages
	Keywords	concurrent validity; feasibility; kinematics; outcome assessment; rehabilitation
	Abstract	Clinically feasible assessment of self-feeding is important for adults and children with motor impairments such as stroke or cerebral palsy. However, no validated assessment tool for self-feeding kinematics exists. This work presents an initial validation of an instrumented spoon (DataSpoon) developed as an evaluation tool for self-feeding kinematics. Ten young, healthy adults (three male; age 27.2 +/- 6.6 years) used DataSpoon at three movement speeds (slow, comfortable, fast) and with three different grips: “natural”, power and rotated power grip. Movement kinematics were recorded concurrently using DataSpoon and a magnetic motion capture system (trakSTAR). Eating events were automatically identified for both systems and kinematic measures were extracted from yaw, pitch and roll (YPR) data as well as from acceleration and tangential velocity profiles. Two-way, mixed model Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were computed to determine agreement between the systems for each kinematic variable. Most variables demonstrated fair to excellent agreement. Agreement for measures of duration, pitch and roll exceeded 0.8 (excellent agreement) for >80% of speed and grip conditions, whereas lower agreement (ICC < 0.46) was measured for tangential velocity and acceleration. A bias of 0.01-0.07 s (95% LOA [-0.54, 0.53] to [-0.63, 0.48]) was calculated for measures of duration. DataSpoon enables automatic detection of self-feeding using simple, affordable movement sensors. Using movement kinematics, variables associated with self-feeding can be identified and aid clinical reasoning for adults and children with motor impairments.
	Address	Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1424-8220	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:32283624; PMCID:PMC7180859			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	104
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	Author	Shaklai, S.; Mimouni-Bloch, A.; Levin, M.; Friedman, J.
	Title	Development of finger force coordination in children			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Experimental Brain Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	235	Issue	12	Pages	3709–3720
	Keywords
	Abstract	Coordination is often observed as body parts moving together. However, when producing force with multiple fingers, the optimal coordination is not to produce similar forces with each finger, but rather for each finger to correct mistakes of other fingers. In this study, we aim to determine whether and how this skill develops in children aged 4-12 years. We measured this sort of coordination using the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis (UCM). We recorded finger forces produced by 60 typically developing children aged between 4 and 12 years in a finger-pressing task. The children controlled the height of an object on a screen by the total amount of force they produced on force sensors. We found that the synergy index, a measure of the relationship between “good” and “bad” variance, increased linearly as a function of age. This improvement was achieved by a selective reduction in “bad” variance rather than an increase in “good” variance. We did not observe differences between males and females, and the synergy index was not able to predict outcomes of upper limb behavioral tests after controlling for age. As children develop between the ages of 4 and 12 years, their ability to produce negative covariation between their finger forces improves, likely related to their improved ability to perform dexterous tasks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-1106	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Shaklai2017			Serial	86
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	Author	Mimouni-Bloch, A.; Shaklai, S.; Levin, M.; Ingber, M.; Karolitsky, T.; Grunbaum, S.; Friedman, J.
	Title	Developmental and acquired brain injury have opposite effects on finger coordination in children			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Frontiers in Human Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Front. Hum. Neurosci.
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	1083304
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1662-5161	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	119
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	Author	Portnoy, S.; Rosenberg, L.; Alazraki, T.; Elyakim, E.; Friedman, J.
	Title	Differences in Muscle Activity Patterns and Graphical Product Quality in Children Copying and Tracing Activities on Horizontal or Vertical Surfaces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	540�547
	Keywords	Motor equivalence; Electromyography; Tablet; Occupational Therapy; Muscle fatigue; Motor control
	Abstract	The observation that a given task, e.g. producing a signature, looks similar when created by different motor commands and different muscles groups is known as motor equivalence. Relatively little data exists regarding the characteristics of motor equivalence in children. In this study, we compared the level of performance when performing a tracing task and copying figures in two common postures: while sitting at a desk and while standing in front of a wall, among preschool children. In addition, we compared muscle activity patterns in both postures. Specifically, we compared the movements of 35 five- to six-year old children, recording the same movements of copying figures and path tracing on an electronic tablet in both a horizontal orientation, while sitting, and a vertical orientation, while standing. Different muscle activation patterns were observed between the postures, however no significant difference in the performance level was found, providing evidence of motor equivalence at this young age. The study presents a straightforward method of assessing motor equivalence that can be extended to other stages of development as well as motor disorders.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1050-6411	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	77
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	Author	Friedman, J; Latash, M.L.; Zatsiorsky, V.M.
	Title	Directional variability of the isometric force vector produced by the hand in multi-joint planar tasks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of Motor Behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	43	Issue	6	Pages	451-463
	Keywords
	Abstract	Numerous studies have examined control of force magnitude, but relatively little research has considered force direction control. In this study, subjects applied isometric forces to a handle and we compared within-trial variability when producing force in different directions. The standard deviation (SD) of the force parallel to the prescribed direction of force production increased linearly with the targeted force level, as did the SD of the force perpendicular to the instructed direction. In contrast, the SD of the angle of force production decreased with increased force level. In the four (of eight) instructed force directions where the endpoint force was generated due to a joint torque in only one joint (either the shoulder or elbow) the principal component axes in force space were well aligned with the prescribed direction of force production. In the other directions, the variance was approximately equal along the two force axes. The variance explained by the first principal component was significantly larger in torque space compared to the force space, and mostly corresponded to positive correlation between the joint torques. Such coordinated changes suggest that the torque variability was mainly due to the variability of the common drive to the muscles serving two joints, although this statement needs to be supported by direct studies of muscle activation in the future.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Penn State @ write.to.jason @			Serial	26
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